Is The Marxist Distinction Between Scientific and Utopian Socialism Justified - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2294 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? To what extent, if any, is the Marxist distinction between scientific and utopian socialism justified? This essay will return to the writings of Marx to assess to what extent he drew a distinction between â€Å"scientific† and â€Å"utopian† socialism. The essay will construct a reading of Marx that suggests he did not draw a distinction between scientific socialism and utopian socialism. Marx and Engels adopted a scientific methodology and thus, they did not believe that a socialist/communist society is utopian. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is The Marxist Distinction Between Scientific and Utopian Socialism Justified" essay for you Create order However, the scientific method objected to elements of utopian socialism, which assumed â€Å"socialism is the expression of absolute truth, reason and justice, and has only to be discovered to conquer all the world by virtue of its own power. And as an absolute truth is independent of time, space, and of the historical development of man† (Engels, on-line). In contrast, Marxists base their socialism on a dialectical process, where a socialist/communist society is the natural culmination of the historical process. The dialectical process, Engels argues, is scientific: â€Å"Nature is the proof of dialectics, and it must be said for modern science that it has furnished this proof with very rich materials increasingly daily† (Engels, on-line). Thus, Marxists view history as a universal, teleological and pre-destined process, where history is the process by which â€Å"the spectre of communism† is made actual. To understand Marx’s theory of history, and why he did not see a socialist/communist future as utopian but the culmination of a scientific process, it is important to elucidate Marx’s philosophy of science. The most important aspect of Marx’s philosophy of science for the purpose of this essay is to realise that â€Å"Marx thought that the human sciences and the natural sciences are governed by essentially the same methods† (Miller, 2000, p. 532). This means that the human sciences are predictable, measurable and observable in the same way as the natural sciences. However, in contrast, to traditional empiricists, Marx did not base prediction on clearly observable phenomenon; instead, he sought prediction by locating underlying causal structures (Miller, 2000, p. 532). This understanding of the human sciences and natural sciences led Marx to produce a theory of historical determinism, based on a dialectical historical materialism that constructed a communist society as both a scientific and utopi an future. Marx’s theory of history is derived from Hegel since he employs Hegel’s notion of history as a dialectical process. Goodwin argues that â€Å"Marx used the dialectical less technically and less insistently than Hegel, but [the dialectical] forms the basis of his conception of capitalism as ‘contradictory’ and ridden with class conflict† (Goodwin, 1997, p. 68). Therefore, the Hegelian influence on Marx cannot be overstated. However, as Hampsher-Monk notes there were two Hegelian outlooks at the time Marx was writing. One was conservative and attempted to show that the social/political status quo was rational and the historical process had been achieved; or, as Marx put it, it attempted to â€Å"turn philosophy inward† (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 484). The second Hegelian outlook aimed to â€Å"turn philosophy outward† – that is to make what is currently an imperfect and irrational social reality conform to ration ality (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 484). Employing a dialectical understanding of history, Marx argued that capitalism possessed contradictions, and history was a process that would turn this irrational society into a rational society. Marx argued that a communist society would resolve contradiction and thus the dialectical produces a pre-determined historical future in a communist society. Thus far, this essay has set out the dialectical process of history upon which Marx’s philosophy rests. It will now, explore the historical materialism that Marx argues drives the dialectical process. By marrying together a theory of historical materialism and dialectical determinism, it is possible to see how Marx understands how history would unfold, scientifically, into a communist society. Marx takes a scientific study of history and society, but rather than basing his conclusions on empirical and measurable findings, he premises his theory of history on causal structures. For Marx, â€Å"every form of society has been based†¦ on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 93). This theory of history links up to the Hegelian idea of a dialectical process that resolves contradiction by making the rational actual. First, though, this essay will sketch out Marx’s analysis of history up to the point he was writing, and how historical materialism had proceeded through various stages in world history. Marx constructs a history that is a narrative based on a structure, rather than a series of random events. For Marx, class is the structure upon which the narrative of history rests, â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 79). Marx argues that in previous stages of history, class was a complicated arrangement, but as the feudal system gave way to the capitalist system, the antagonism of the class system simplified. The cap italist system, for Marx, had led to society â€Å"splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 80). The Communist Manifesto, as Hampsher-Monk illustrates, is an â€Å"account of economic-historical development† (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 515) which argues that revolutionary politics is necessary to complete the process.. According to Goodwin, Marx saw economic and technical innovation as the originator of all historical change, with the most recent example being the replacing of a feudal society with a capitalist society (Goodwin, 1997, p. 76). Marx’s theory is undoubtedly economic, with Hampsher-Monk arguing that Marx drew an analogy between economics and religion, where money was seen as a ‘jealous god’ (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 496). This prioritising of money and economics explains why it is economic relations that are the base structu re in Marx’s philosophy. Thus, when economic relations change, it â€Å"entails a transformation of the socio-political superstructure† (Goodwin, 1997, p. 76). In essence, historical materialism is the idea that economics constitutes the base structure of society, and a transformation in the economic structure is a part of the dialectical process of history, where contradictions in economic and social relations clash, and a new society emerges. For the purposes of this paper, the most important point to draw out is that both historical materialism and the historical determinism of the dialectical process of history constitute a scientific theory in Marx’s philosophy. Marx argues that a socialist-communist society is not utopian, but part of the revolutionary process of the dialectical. It is now necessary to outline the â€Å"scientific† process by which capitalist society would collapse under its own contradictions, and be replaced by a socialis t-communist society. For Marx, the dialectical process behind history saw the bourgeois/capitalist system as the â€Å"last major stage before a fundamentally new political and economic order† (Held, 1996, p. 126). Marx’s scientific theory of history saw the capitalist order as, ultimately, succumbing to the socialist-communist order. Marx details how this would come about, and to understand this it is necessary to once again return to the idea of the dialectical process and contradictions. Held summarises Marx’s theory of the inevitability of revolutionary politics, by arguing that for Marx, capitalism was not a harmonious social order and the foundations of capitalism are undermined from within (Held, 1996, pp. 126-129). Thus, Marx argues that capitalism is undermined because of its contradictions, and the dialectical process requires the overthrow of the capitalist system. Marx’s theory of contradiction within capitalism is based on his asse rtion of historical materialism, and his notion of exploitation. Marx argues that history has always been a struggle between oppressed and oppressor; thus, if it possible to observe exploitation, an oppressor and an oppressed class within capitalism, then it follows that history has not resolved the dialectical process. Marx argues that capitalism does possess such a contradiction, since â€Å"property†¦ is based on the antagonism of capital and wage labour† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 97). Marx is, essentially, taking an objective, scientific look at the social-economic structure, arguing that it has not resolved class antagonism and therefore, the dialectical process is incomplete. Thus, for Marx, a socialist-communist revolution is not utopian, but a scientific ‘working-out’ of contradiction. To conclude Marx’s theory of history, it is necessary to now look at how he saw revolutionary politics overturning the capitalist order, and how he th ought a socialist-communist economic and social order would resolve the contradictions inherent in the capitalist order in order to produce a rational solution to the dialectical process. For Marx, revolution was inevitable, because revolution was the result of an antagonistic polarisation between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The worsening conditions of the proletariat would automatically propel them into a revolutionary mind-set and into war with the bourgeoisie/capitalist class. This would lead to the proletariat revolution, which would wrestle power from one class to another. However, this final stage would require two phases. Firstly, revolution would lead to the â€Å"Dictatorship of the Proletariat†, and then the second phase would lead to â€Å"Proper Communism†. Taylor picks up on the homogenising and authoritarian streak in Marx’s communist vision. He wryly observes that Marx is claiming that he and The Communists were the ones who underst ood what was happening in the world, and when The Communists say they have no interests apart from those of the proletariat, they are assuming that â€Å"the proletariat would agree to have only the interests which Marx said it ought to have† (Taylor, 1985, p. 31). Marx concludes that the antagonism within the capitalist order is the result of the bourgeoisie’s exploitation of the capital of the proletariat; and, thus, the key to â€Å"The Communist programme was the abolition of private property† (Taylor, 1985, p. 31). This is critical to understanding that, for Marx, a socialist-communist society is not so much a Utopia, as a ‘working–out’ of the dialectical process. Marx’s scientific method to history rests on the notion that private property constitutes a contradiction within the capitalist order, and that the dialectical process will result in revolution to overthrow the capitalist order; therefore, a communist society is a scientific resolution necessity, rather than being a utopian ideal. Goodwin argues that Marx was â€Å"reluctant to offer any detailed picture of the communist utopia† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). However, Marx had identified the contradiction within capitalism that would lead to its overthrow, namely the antagonism between capitalists and workers and the exploitation that lay at the heart of this. Therefore, the implication of Marx’s thought is that a socialist-communist utopia would find a means to eradicate class exploitation. As Goodwin says, Marx may not have laid down a â€Å"blueprint†, but â€Å"the formal characteristics of communist society are made clear in his works, as are the particular principles on which it would operate† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). As indicated earlier, Marx argued that all history was the history of class struggles; therefore, a socialist-communist society would be classless. By eliminating the antagonisms of class, the c ontradictions of capitalism would be resolved, and the dialectical process of history would be rationally worked through. The elimination of class rests on the elimination of the capitalist means of production. Thus, â€Å"communism connotes the abolition of private property† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). The â€Å"utopia† of communism-socialism is a classless society that has abolished private property. However, because of the historical materialism and dialectical process that underpins Marx’s theory, the communist â€Å"utopia† is also a scientific resolution to the contradictions within capitalism. It is the contradictions Engels within capitalism that will lead the dialectical process of history to produce a revolution that will usher in communism. Taylor puts this succinctly â€Å"dialectical materialism would compel men to live in Utopia whatever the promptings of their heart† (Taylor, 1985, p. 10). Despite arguing that Marx saw a social ist-communist society as the inevitable result of a scientific process, it should not be underestimated how revolutionary his vision was. Marx was a revolutionary thinker, and he was calling for an overturning of the capitalist system. This was not utopian, as it was not the dreams of a â€Å"good place†, a utopia. Instead, Marx saw a socialist-communist society, based on the abolition of private property, as the rational solution to the dialectical process of history. His work is polemical, and he does not conceal the radical and revolutionary aspects of his political thought. He argues that The Communists â€Å"openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible and overthrow of all existing social conditions† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 120). He goes on to say that â€Å"the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 120). Given that Marx is unequivocally envisaging the ordering of an entirely different e conomic, social and political structure, his vision has a utopian element. However, Marx, himself, denied that his vision was utopian. Instead, he saw a communist society, as the scientifically determined and rational culmination of the dialectical. Engels argued that utopian socialists did not look to history and science: â€Å"not one of them appears as a representative of the interests of that proletariat which historical development had, in the meantime, produced† (Engels, on-line). However, the drawing of this distinction has limited value, since the scientific method is designed to construct a dialectical logic that argues that the socialist-communist â€Å"utopia† is something that must be realized. Bibliography Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Retrieved March 6, 2015, from https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm Goodwin, Barbara (1997) Using Political Ideas (4th edition), John Wiley Sons, Chichester pp. 65 – 97. Hampsher-Monk, (1992). â€Å"Karl Marx† in A history of modern political thought: Major political thinkers from Hobbes to Marx, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford pp. 483 563. Held, David (1996) Models of Democracy (2nd edition), Polity Press, Cambridge pp. 121 – 154. Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich (1985) The Communist Manifesto, Penguin Classics, London. Miller, Richard W. (2000) â€Å"Marxist Philosophy of Science† in Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, London p. 532. Taylor, A. J. P. (1985) â€Å"Introduction† in The Communist Manifesto, Penguin Classics, London pp. 7 – 47.

Analysis Of The Movie The Crucible - 1015 Words

Two months later, congratulatory applause deafened the newly christened law offices of Rearin McKinley Attorneys-at-Law. Finally, a junior partner had made it to managing partner; Conor McKinley now occupied Mr Hardwood’s former office. Conor smiled as he thought to himself, I can’t believe I’ve made this far. Standing next to Conor s side was a beaming Bailiff Bob. Both wore matching wedding bands. Nothing would stop this power couple, now. Among those in attendance were former Judge Ricardo Sandoval, who had been nominated for State Supreme Court Judgeship, and Min-jun Kim, now groomed from his original gangster-like appearance to be a doting boyfriend. After two months, they still couldn’t keep their hands off each other, even in public. Stuart Rutherford with Oliver Winston mingled about the conference room turned buffet table with drinks in hand and bouts of laughter. And, after all this time, Conor still had a gut feeling about that Oliver Winston. Even, the Prosecutor from the murder trial stopped by to give his accolades. Walter Rearin nodded in apprehension, although he smirked on the inside. The trial’s victory made this law practice a fortune with the assistance of the media coverage. â€Å"I’ve see you made Conor McKinley a managing partner. He did an outstanding job in the courtroom, and I’m sure we’ll hear more from him in years to come,† said the humble Prosecutor. Walter Rearin spoke, â€Å"That’s kind of you. And exactly why I promoted him. He earned it.†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Crucible Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesOn September 15, 2016 at Murfreesboro Little Theatre I saw The Crucible. I have had a lot of experience with this particular play. I have seen the movie along with reading and acting out the play. I had high expatiations when going to see The Crucible live. 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The Impact of Government Support For Small and Medium Enterprises

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Government Support For Small and Medium Enterprises. Answer: Introduction Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are among the biggest contributors of global economy making it among the most successful particularly in developing countries (Schaper Blackburn, 2012). As such, the sector has been beneficial to the economy by creation of jobs and provision of social and political stability (Henschel, 2008). For instance, SMEs is now a sector that cannot be ignored in the UK despite the country being one of the developed countries (Mullerat, 2010). Small and medium enterprises have received accolades for promoting economic growth as they contribute in economic growth of a country (Henschel, 2008). Additionally, the sector contributes to reduction of unemployment increase in GDP hence creating many job opportunities. This is the major reason that governments around the world offer support to SMEs. Granted, SMEs contribute immensely to developing the economy and achieves different objectives of the government such as raising standard of living of the SME operators as well as its employees and the community at large (Ibid). It has become imperative for the state to give required assistance if form of tax cuts for instance so as to aid in contributing to economic growth (Mullerat, 2010). The government also assists my providing financial support through offering grants using various government agencies themselves Mumford et al. (2010) notes that among the main challenges faced by SMEs is inadequate financial resources to sustain themselves for a long time. Additionally, some SMEs do not have qualified work force to run their businesses profitably therefore prompting the government to intercede by provision of capital (Henschel, 2008). The governments may also give assistance by training staff of effective business management and offer protection from cheap imports by imposing heavy taxes on such imports (Mullerat, 2010). As a result, of the current high rate of globalization, SMEs are constantly faced with major challenges because of vigorous competition from other countries such as China (Mullerat, 2010). Therefore, it has become standard practice for state agencies to give the required assistance through offering a conducive environment to grow (Mullerat, 2010). This problem has necessitated the need for the current study to investigate the impact that government support has on the small and medium enterprises. Aim of the Study The aim of this study will be to investigate the impact of government support on small and medium enterprises by addressing the challenges that face the enterprises. Research Questions The questions that the researcher will seek to answer will be; How does the government influence or support the challenges faced by SMEs? What is the impact if any of government support in the growth of SMEs? What are the challenges and barriers that SMEs encounter and what is the government doing to address them? Research Hypotheses The researcher shall formulate the following research hypotheses based on the research questions; H0 : There is no association between government support and challenges faced by SMEs H0 : There is no association between government support and growth of SMEs H0 : Government support has no effect on the challenges faced by SMEs. Related Literature According to Collings (2010), previous research has identified the main impediments contributing to the success of SMEs to include state of the economy, cash flow and availability of capital. This therefore offers the government an opportunity to instill strict measures to enhance better business environment for SMEs to operate so that they can also contribute towards economic growth (Ibid). Mullerat (2010) asserts that it is prudent to note that access towards finance is vital for the SMEs since it allows them to not only expand but to also thrive and create opportunities for jobs thus significantly contributing to the recovery of the economy (Schaper Blackburn, 2012). Research Design and Methodology This study will employ the case study method because the study is based on one organization. This kind of study design enables an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data to be carried out by explaining the present conditions. Sampling Design and Procedures Stratified random sampling method will be used for the study. This sampling method will be used because data needs to be collected from various departments and not just one department of the case study firm. This will be done in order to get different opinions from participants of all the departments. Simple random sampling will then be used to select participants from each department. The researcher will utilize a seventy-five percent criteria selection for the whole population. . This formula below will be employed to determine the sample size per strata; a/bc=z where; a is the number of employees in a department b is the total target population c is the sample size z is the number of respondents obtained from each department Data Collection Tools and Methods The researcher will utilize questionnaires that will have both closed and open-ended questions. Krishnaswamy, Appa and Mathirajan (2006), opine that a questionnaire is beneficial to the researcher as it lets him gather large amount of data given a short duration of time. In addition, analyzing data from a questionnaire may be used to make a comparison with previous research and may be used quantify change. The questionnaire will have two sections; demographic information that will provide information necessary to understand the respondents. The other section will included questions meant to study the research objectives in an effort to answer the research questions of the study.. Validity of Research Instruments To ensure data quality, the data collection tools will be pre-tested to ensure reliability. Ten percent of the sample size from a different firm will be used in order to identify necessary changes and thereafter make revisions. Data Analysis and Presentation Data collected will be edited, coded, cleaned, categorized, and tabulated as appropriate. Data will be analyzed and presented using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Information generated will be presented in tables, charts, and graphs. To test the hypotheses, a five-point likert scale will be utilized. Descriptive statistics will be used to test for normality of the data collected. Levels of dispersion and measures of central tendency like mean, median and standard deviation will be computed to see if it concurs with the research objectives. Inferential statistics will be used to draw implications from the data for instance; the objectives will be achieved by calculating the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of the variables. This will establish whether the findings indicate a strong or weak, positive or negative correlation. Any value that is greater than 0.75, regardless of the sign, will indicate a strong correlation while any value that is less than 0.75 will indicate a weak correlation. Hypothesis testing will also be done to test for the significance of the relationship between the various independent variables and the dependent variable in line with the hypotheses at 5% level of significance. The significance level also known as the alpha level denoted by () is the prospect of making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.The alpha level of .05 is used to balance between making a type I error and a type II error. A type I error is supporting the alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true whereas a type II error is not supporting the alternative hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is in fact true. Variables Dependent Variable Impact of government support on SMEs Independent Variables Government influence or support Effect of government policies towards SMEs Challenges and barriers affecting SMEs Expected Outcome The current study will provide informed knowledge in the following areas; provide information on SMEs situation to other interested parties particularly large firms; provide a reference material by other researchers on SMEs impact in the Australian economy and: provide relevant information on the challenges faced by SMEs in Australia by making recommendations on ways of improving the sector. In addition, other researchers will benefit from the outcome of the current study by making comparison with other studies and identify gaps to be filled in the study. References and Bibliography Collings, S 2011, Interpretation and Application of International Standards on Auditing, New York, John Wiley Sons. Henschel, T 2008, Risk Management Practices of SMEs...New York, Erich Co. Mullerat, R 2010, International Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Corporations in the Economic Order of the 21st Century, New York, Kluwer Law International. Mumford, A, et al 2010, Gower Handbook of Leadership and Management Development, New York, Gower Publishing Ltd. Schaper, M Blackburn, R. 2012, Government, SMEs and Entrepreneurship Development: Policy, Practice and Challenges, New York, Gower Publishing.

What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client Example For Students

What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client? What’s the relationship between the medical history and current concerns for the client? Shannon’s history of being a DM1 since she was three years old directly relates to her current medical condition. Illnesses interfere with the management of diabetes because blood glucose levels are not regulated when intake of food and fluids is altered as well as the administration of insulin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2014). In addition, being ill usually causes stress on the body which increases the blood glucose levels (Robbins et al., 2010). Lastly, diabetes affects the immune system by disturbing humoral immunity, damaging neutrophil function, and depressing the antioxidant system. As a result the individual will be more susceptible to illness or have a reduced ability to fight microbes. Certain organisms thrive in hyperglycemic environments which make it harder for a diabetic clients immune system to control (Casqueiro, Casqueiro, Alves, 2012). Since Shannon has not been eating and not taking insulin she has not been managing her diabetes during the ir illness appropriately. This means her body has not been able to process glucose for energy and has been forced to metabolize fat instead leading to the development of DKA (Robbins et al., 2010). What else would you like to know about Shannon’s recent history and events leading to her hospitalization. We will write a custom essay on What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Shannon received her last flu shot is her current condition a result of a reaction to the immunization or does she have a different strain of influenza. Diabetes management her diet, activity level, and average blood glucose levels. When/what was her last meal was and when/how much was her last dose of insulin. Are there any other symptoms other than loss of appetite, vomiting, and fatigue. What information is missing from the initial assessment and state the significance of performing this assessment Pain assessment assess for abdominal pain which is common in DKA patients due to the acidic environment and decreased perfusion to the gastrointestinal tract (Robbins et al., 2010). Abdominal assessment assess functioning and affect of the metabolic acidosis on the gastrointestinal tract, look for presence of bowel sounds, and ask when their last bowel movement was and if they are currently passing gas (Robbins et al., 2010). Smell breath a fruity or acetone breath is a hallmark sign of DKA (Pollock Funk, 2013). Neurovital signs for a baseline get an idea of level of consciousness upon admission and pupil assessment to assess for any other potential issues/complications that need to be addressed (Wolfsdorf et al., 2014). Baseline CBS level look for a directive or call the doctor to get an order for CBS along with sliding scale to treat abnormal results. Relate the assessment findings to the pathophysiology of DKA. Shannon is displaying Kussmaul’s respirations because she is breathing rapid at 28 breaths per minute and they are deep. This is the respiratory system’s way of compensating for metabolic acidosis (Bopp, 2010; Marieb, Hoehn, 2010). Shannon is displaying signs of dehydration through the presence of hypotension (BP of 82//50), tachycardia (heart rate of 144), and has poor skin turgor with dry mucus membranes. Dehydration occurs due to fluid loss and osmotic diuresis (Fowler, 2009). Provide rationale for the physicians orders and therefore, subsequent collaborative care. The following are the rationals for the physician’s orders: Neurovital signs are to assess the clients level of consciousness to quickly determine whether their overall status is improving or deteriorating. Cardiac monitoring is a way for continuous assessment for hyper or hypokalemia through evaluating the T waves (Wolfsdorf et al., 2014). Lab work is done to assess imbalances, create and adjust treatment as needed, as well as, provide information about the clients response to treatment (Robbins et al., 2010). .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .postImageUrl , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:visited , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:active { border:0!important; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:active , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: what was the most significant event in German historyNPO so serum blood sugar levels are not increased and for accurate measurement of client fluid and caloric intake (Pollock Funk, 2013). NPO status also maintains the airway by preventing choking/aspiration if they were to loose consciousness with something in their mouth (Robbins et al., 2010). Bed rest is for harm reduction. DKA patients are typically lethargic and if they are up and walking they can easily become fatigued and fall (Robbins et al., 2010). Patients can become hypokalemic which can cause dangerous cardiac rhythms (Bopp, 2010). IV regular insulin is given to restore glucose metabolism. IV is the best route to fix moderate to severe DKA and regular insulin is the only insulin that can be given through an IV at a rate of 0.1units/kg/hr (Pollock Funk, 2013). CBS hourly is required to continually assess the clients blood glucose levels, response to treatment, as well as, provide a reference for titrating the insulin infusion rates, if needed (Pollock Funk, 2013). IV Normal Saline (NS) is used initially to restore the clients fluid volume in their intravascular, interstitial, and intercellular spaces. It is also used to restore renal perfusion (Pollock Funk, 2013). Foley catheter assists in documenting the clients hourly output and assists in maintaining the bed rest order. An accurate hourly intake along with the hourly output helps determine kidney function, as well as, hydration status (Pollock Funk, 2013). The doctor has ordered a oxygen via non-rebreather. Oxygen is essential in maintaining adequate oxygenation within the bodies cell (Robbins et al., 2010). The following is the subsequent collaborative care Shannon should receive: Ongoing monitoring of vital signs and mental status, cardiac rhythms, respiratory status for fluid overload, serum glucose, pH, intake and output, and serum potassium. This is done to measure the clients response to treatment and to evaluate their overall status and prevent hypoglycemia (Pollock Funk, 2013; Robbins et al., 2010). Potassium is heavily monitored and a switch from NS to NS with potassium chloride may be needed to maintain potassium levels and prevent hypokalemia (Pollock Funk, 2013).

McCarthys Abuse of Power essays

McCarthys Abuse of Power essays In 1954 a young junior Senator from the state of Wisconsin held the entire Senate in the palm of his hand. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy used an aggressive strategy of lies, personal attacks, and propaganda in an aggressive attempt to gain power. Was Senator McCarthy a crusader for the common good of the people or was he the ringleader of a witch-hunt seeking only political power? What tactics did McCarthy use to gain his power? What brought about his demise? Joseph McCarthy was a complex man and in order to understand his thinking you must first look at his history, tactics, and supporters. Joseph McCarthy wasnt always the brash and aggressive man that history has made him out to be. McCarthy was born to a good Irish Catholic family. Neighbors remember Joseph as being a shy lad, seen-but-not-heard. At nineteen McCarthy left home to fill a position as a store manager. At about this time the once shy and timid boy began to change into a sharp and aggressive man. McCarthy went back to school where he graduated from Marquette University with the title class president and a law degree. McCarthy began practicing law in a small town and was soon offered a position with a well-respected law firm, which he snatched up. McCarthy soon became disenchanted working for someone else and wanted some power of his own. McCarthy began hobnobbing with the local clubs and organizations McCarthy was so well liked that he was elected president of the Young Democratic Clubs of Wisconsins Seventh District. With a political backing McCarthy decided to run for district attorney of Shawano County under the Democratic ticket. McCarthy came in second losing to a Progressive candidate but beat out the Republican candidate by about a thousand votes. McCarthy polled in seven times as many votes as he should have which gave the fresh faced lawyer good hopes for the future. McCarthy, in his high spirits, than decided to go after the po...

Martin Van Buren - Eighth US President - Fast Facts

Martin Van Buren - Eighth US President - Fast Facts Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) served one term as president. During his time in office, no major events occurred. However, he was criticized for his handling of the Second Seminole War.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for Martin Van Buren.For more in depth information, you can also read the: Martin Van Buren Biography Birth: December 5, 1782 Death: July 24, 1862 Term of Office: March 4, 1837-March 3, 1841 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term First Lady: Widower. His wife, Hannah Hoes, died in 1819. Nickname: Little Magician; Martin Van Ruin Martin Van Buren Quote: As to the Presidency, the two happiest days of my life were those of my entrance upon the office and my surrender of it. Additional Martin Van Buren Quotes Major Events While in Office: Panic of 1837 (1837)Caroline Affair (1837)Second Seminole War (1835-1842) Van Buren is considered by many historians to be an average president. No major events occurred during his term of office. However the Panic of 1837 did eventually lead to an Independent Treasury. In addition, Van Burens position about the Caroline Affair allowed the US to avoid open warfare with Canada. The Caroline Affair occurred in 1837 when a US steamship called the Caroline travelled to a site on Niagara River. Men and supplies were being sent to Upper Canada to help William Lyon Mackenzie who was leading a rebellion. There were a number of American sympathizers who wanted to help him and his followers. However, in December of that year, Canadians came into US territory and sent the Caroline adrift over Niagara Falls, killing one US citizen. Many Americans were upset over the incident. The Robert Peel, a British steamship, was attacked and burned. In addition, a number of Americans began raiding over the border. Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott to help stop Americans from retaliating.  President Van Buren was responsible for delaying the admission of Texas to the Union in order to help maintain sectional balance.   However, Van Burens administration was criticized for their handling of the Second Seminole War. The Seminole Indians resisted the removal from their lands, even after Chief Osceola was killed in 1838. The continued fighting led to the death of thousands of Native Americans. The Whig Party was able to use the inhumane campaign in their fight against Van Buren. Related Martin Van Buren Resources: These additional resources on Martin Van Buren can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Martin Van Buren BiographyTake a more in depth look at the Eighth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Andrew JacksonWilliam Henry HarrisonList of American Presidents

Lesson plan on Identifying Synonyms Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lesson plan on Identifying Synonyms - Coursework Example 2. Prompt students to think of other pairs of words that mean the same thing. Write these synonyms on sentence strips, and cut them apart so that you have one word for each student in the class. If students are having difficulty thinking of synonyms, give them one of these words and prompt them to think of a synonym: big/huge, tiny/small, scared/afraid, cute/pretty, rock/stone, loud/noisy, sofa/couch, dinner/supper, store/market, lady/woman, rug/carpet, yell/scream, finish/end, start/begin, quick/fast. 3. Shuffle the words. Explain to students that they will be going on a synonym hunt and that each of them will receive a card with a word on it that they must not look at until they are told. The object of the game is for each student to move around the room and find his/her partner, who has a word that means the same thing. When students find their partners, they should sit down. The game is over when each student has found a partner. To begin, fold each word in half so that the word cannot be seen and give one word to each student. When each student has a card say, â€Å"Let the hunt begin!† 5. As a fun follow-up activity or one to incorporate into the lesson, have students make their own puppets with various facial expressions. They can create puppet skits with partners or groups and think of synonyms. I decided to get someone from the crowd and get to know their feelings. From the line, I encountered Sofia Contreras, a housewife. She was very excited to be part of the event and was sure that the beauty store is a good initiative for the whole town. Prepare sentences with words underlined, and have students select a synonym from a word box for the underlined word in each sentence. For example, have students choose from among the words huge, fast, couch, small, and large to select synonyms for the

Human Resources Assignment .. Best places to work

Human Resources .. Best places to work - Assignment Example The search engine, initially named â€Å"BackRub,† was not formalized into the wildly popular company, Google, known today (Google, 2011a). When the company was first created, in what the founders describe as a small garage in Menlo Park, CA (Google, 2011c), search capabilities were only available to users in English. However, in recent years, the computer science students, and their thousands of employees and more than 40 offices globally, have developed a number of web applications and advertising programs, allowing them to offer dozens of widespread services and products in several different languages (Google, 2011a). The Google headquarters, called the Googleplex, is now located in Mountain View, CA, and is referred to as a campus, due its massive size and number of amenities. Employees describe the campus as a curious, creative, and very diverse community. All of the company’s imperative business functions are located at the Googleplex; departments include Human Re sources (HR), Communications, Legal, Sales, and Finance (Google, 2011c). Management and employees alike agree that transparency is the key to the cohesiveness within the company’s working environments.

Statistics for Management Essay Example for Free

Statistics for Management Essay Q1. Define â€Å"Statistics†. What are the functions of Statistics? Distinguish between Primary data and Secondary data. Answer: Statistics: Statistics as a discipline is considered indispensable in almost all spheres of human knowledge. There is hardly any branch of study which does not use statistics. Scientific, social and economic studies use statistics in one form or another. These disciplines make-use of observations, facts and figures, enquiries and experiments etc. using statistics and statistical methods. Statistics studies almost all aspects in an enquiry. It mainly aims at simplifying the complexity of information collected in an enquiry. It presents data in asimplified form as to make them intelligible. It analyses data and facilitates drawal of conclusions. Important functions of statistics: Presents facts in simple form: Statistics presents facts and figures in a definite form. That makes the statement logical andconvincing than mere description. It condenses the whole mass of figures into a singlefigure. This makes the problem intelligible. Reduces the Complexity of data: Statistics simplifies the complexity of data. The raw data are unintelligible. We make themsimple and intelligible by using different statistical measures. Some such commonly usedmeasures are graphs, averages, dispersions, skewness, kurtosis, correlation and regressionetc. These measures help in interpretation and drawing inferences. Therefore, statisticsenables to enlarge the horizon of ones knowledge. Facilitates comparison: Comparison between different sets of observation is an important function of statistics. Comparison is necessary to draw conclusions as Professor Boddington rightly points out.† the object of statistics is to enable comparison between past and present results to ascertaint he reasons for changes, which have taken place and the effect of such changes in future. Soto determine the efficiency of any measure comparison is necessary. Statistical devices likeaverages, ratios, coefficients etc. are used for the purpose of comparison. Testing hypothesis: Formulating and testing of hypothesis is an important function of statistics. This helps indeveloping new theories. So statistics examines the truth and helps in innovating new ideas. Formulation of Policies: Statistics helps in formulating plans and policies in different fields. Statistical analysis of data forms the beginning of policy formulations. Hence, statistics is essential for planners,economists, scientists and administrators to prepare different plans and programmes. Forecasting: The future is uncertain. Statistics helps in forecasting the trend and tendencies. Statisticaltechniques are used for predicting the future values of a variable. For example a producerforecasts his future production on the basis of the present demand conditions and his pastexperiences. Similarly, the planners can forecast the future population etc. considering thepresent population trends. Derives valid inferences: Statistical methods mainly aim at deriving inferences from an e nquiry. Statistical techniques are often used by scholars’ planners and scientists to evaluate different projects. These techniques are also used to draw inferences regarding population parameters on the basis of sample information. Statistics is very helpful in the field of business, research, Education etc., some of the uses of Statistics are: Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of aphenomenon of nature. Statistics helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study. Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data. Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic andgraphic form for any easy and comprehension of the data. Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of aphenomenon through quantitative observations. Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the population parameters from the sample data. Any statistical data can be classified under two categories depending upon the sources utilized. These categories are, 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data Primary Data: Primary data is the one, which is collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of aspecific inquiry or study. Such data is original in character and is generated by surveyconducted by individuals or research institution or any organisation. 1.The collection of data by the method of personal survey is possible only if thearea covered by the investigator is small. Collection of data by sending theenumerator is bound to be expensive. Care should be taken twice that theenumerator record correct information provided by the informants. 2.Collection of primary data by framing a schedules or distributing and collecting questionnaires by post is less expensive and can be completed in shorter time. 3.Suppose the questions are embarrassing or of complicated nature or the questionsprobe into personnel affairs of individuals, then the schedules may not be filledwith accurate and correct information and hence this method is unsuitable 4.The information collected for primary data is mere reliable than those collectedfrom the secondary data.Importance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A research can be conducted withoutsecondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may have biasesbecause secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statistical surveys it isnecessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data: for example, thestatistical records of female population in a country cannot be based on newspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sources are old and secondly they contain limitedinformation as well as they can be misleading and biased. Secondary Data: Secondary data are those data which have been already collected and analysed bysome earlier agency for its own use; and later the same data are used by a different agency. According to W.A.Neiswanger, ‘ A primary source is a publication in which the data are published by the same authority which gathered and analysed them. A secondary source is apublication, reporting the data which have been gathered by other authorities and for which others are responsible’. 1.Secondary data is cheap to obtain. Many government publications are relatively cheapand libraries stock quantities of secondary data produced by the government, bycompanies and other organizations. 2.Large quantities of secondary data can be got through internet. 3.Much of the secondary data available has been collected for many years and therefore itcan be used to plot trends. 4.Secondary data is of value to: The government help in making decisions and planning future policy. Business and industry in areas such as marketing, and sales in order to appreciate the general economic and social conditions and to provide information on competitors. Research organizations by providing social, economical and industrial information. Secondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data; in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier andpossible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine the researchon secondary data. Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing toreveal it in such case too secondary data can suffice: for example, if the research is on thepsychology of transsexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not bewilling to give information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books orother published sources.

Cloning and Mind Zombies :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning and Mind Zombies Cloning, is it the thing of the future? Or is it a start of a new generation? To some, cloning could give back a life. A life of fun, happiness, and freedom. For others it could mean destruction, evil, or power. Throughout this paper, you the reader, should get a better concept of cloning, it's ethics, the pro's and con's, and the concerns it has brought up. You will hear the good of what cloning can do and the bad that comes with the good. Most of the information you will read about in this paper is what might become of the future. Even though the cloning of humans can not be accomplished. When it is the possibilities are endless. What is cloning? How did it get started? Well, it is like this. A clone is a genetic copy or a replica of an living organism. But, when you gear cloning doesn't a Si-Fi movie come to mind. Like when they take a nucleus, place it in a egg, put the egg in a incubator, and when it hatches it's an exact replica of the original being (Lawren). Though this has been done with frogs it has not yet been accomplished with mammals (Lawren). Another way to make a clone, as they do in the cattle buisness, is to split the cells of a early multi-celled embryo which will form two new embryos (Lawren). For it to get started into practice it took more than fifty years of questioning and testing. The first successful cloning experiment involved a leopard frog. It took place in, 1952 with group of scientist from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia (Lawren). To clone the frog they used an embryonic frog cell nucleus(Margery). 1962, John Gurdon of Cambridge University cloned a toad that survive threw adulthood and was able to reproduce. He was also the first to take a nucleus from a fully contrast tadpole intestinal cell and cloned toads(Robertson). As you can see we are getting close to the cloning of humans. 1981, Steen Willadsen was the first to clone a artificial chimera. He did this by mixing a sheep and a goat getting the result of a "geep" (Lawren). It had the body shape and the head of a goat, and a dappled coat which had large patches of sheep's wool. 1984, Willadsen cloned the first verifiable mammal, using embryonic nuclei transplant into an unfertilized sheep egg. Also in, 1986, when he worked for Texas bioengineering company (Lawren). By using the embryonic nuclei, he produces the first cloned calves from cattle.

Reflection Paper In Philosophy Of Man Essay

I found out that the written article (Existentialism and man’s search for meaning) by Eduardo Jose E. Calasanz are incredibly fascinating and mind blowing. As Aristotle quoted â€Å"all men desire to know.† And as one entity quench for knowledge about the mystery of our embodiment. Calasanz spread to us the table of an unsophisticated and different tenet of the classical and the modern philosophers. Admittedly, I do not agree to the philosophers about their theories in such that it is hard to believe to their theories because of lack of sense and feasible proof but even if I do not believe to the great philosophers I still consider Gabriel Marcel’s tenet to be the most outstanding among the six philosophers have mention in the Article. She said that the existence of life to human in answering the question â€Å"for what I am living for†. To able me to defend my own opinion, I will relate this Gabriel Marcel’s theory to my own story of life. I am always asking to myself â€Å"for whom am I living for?† and â€Å"who are the person who am I live with?† I study here at University of Makati for me to fulfill my dream to become a teacher someday but the real question is for who am I living for? For studying more? For me to be able to reach my goals in life. I think yes, because if I do not study right not I will not able to achieve my goals and I will stay as I am right now. Standing and sitting here in our house waiting for some grace to come. to depend on others who are in capacity to support me and depend to the people that I know never live me even if I do not do something to change my life But if I study, I can able to fulfill it and share my knowledge to the other people. I can be independent on my own. I can have a permanent job that may support all my expenses and able buy anything all that I want. This dream of mine may help also my family in terms of financial. I know that dream of mine is very hard t o reach but I will strive more and face the challenges in life, I can  achieve the goal that I wanted to achieve and that is to become a teacher. And after reading this article, I consider myself as existentialist thinker because I have characteristics that the existentialism have. For example, existentialist thinkers attempt to philosophize from the standing point of an actor rather than of specters just like me that can stand whatever the situation is. Even we do not have money to support my studies I strive to find a job that will support my studies and after finding the job, I talk to myself â€Å"you do the right thing to fulfill your dreams good job†. There are more characteristics of a existentialist thinkers that may help their way of thinking something about something but the real thing is if this characteristics may help the other people the way they think. I think yes, because this is a guide to the people in handling their own problems in life. For an instance, a student that are hardly to understand mathematics. The student always got lower scores in their quizzes and examinations in mathematics. the student realize that his/her score is very low and the grade that he/she may got is very low. So he/she study hard and make the difficult thing more easier and finally he got a high grade because he/she strive to study hard and get his/her goal and that is to got a high grades in Mathematics. Phenomenology of love When we hear the word â€Å"Love† we always think that is relationship but if we will see in our environment, all the people that we belong with even the people that we hate much is what you call Love. If you are asking me why? I will answer it like this. No among us never felt that they did not feel that they are in love or we are being love by other. Even when we are in womb of our mother, our parents are very excited to see us, they are so careful on what they do specially our mothers to make us being safe. After we given birth all the people that surrounds us are very happy and that is the sign of love. And after so many years, their are so many people that express to us how love it is? Even our enemy, we able to express love to them even we hate them we already express them love by giving them mercy when they do wrong and that is the sign of love. But when the philosophers spoke about they are so incredible. For an instance, a famous Book Publisher Erich Fromm write a book â€Å"the Art of Loving†. In his book, He says that the popular notion of love at the present is â€Å"Falling in Love† but there are also reasons that I have read in the article. First the â€Å"Love is equated with Romance†; love has something to do with romance. Because love without romance is just like you are holding a match box without match stick. The match box there will never spark without that match stick. Second is the Love is a many splendored thing, love can do many things just what had said in the song â€Å" I can do anything for love†. All of us can do something that can make our love once a certain happiness and enjoyment when they see us. And the last one is â€Å"love hurts†, no one in the world are experience that they are not felt hurt after they are in love. Many of us experience being hurt by the person that we love.

Cognitive and language Essay

Horizontal – vertical – actions by children, such as climbing, stepping up and down. These schemas are then developed further through the progresses of ‘assimilation’ (this is taking in new information from the environment through the childs existing patterns of actions) and ‘accommodation’ (this is modifying existing patterns of actions to accommodate new information and knowledge) and balancing it out with what new experiences they have made (this is called equilibration). Piaget emphasised his theory on the role of the individual child, where as Vygotsky’s work looked at the importance of the social world in children’s learning and emphasised on promoting through social interaction and communicating. He said that children were born to be sociable by being with parents/friends and that they acquire skills and concepts. He thought the children were incapable of learning alone but was possible with assistance (this is called ‘zone of proximal development’). Vygosky theory would be used in schools for the children’s education, hands on role for teacher, teachers scaffolding the children, giving the child a more challenging and stimulating environment then if was left to discover and learn alone. Skinner’s theory on learning is the change in behaviour as a result of reinforcement. He believed that children develop their language through imitating role models and reinforcement. Skinner found that if you praise or rewarded a child for its good behaviour the child would repeat the behaviour again (this is called positive reinforcement). He found this a more effective strategy than punishment which is called negative reinforcement. He called his theory ‘operant conditioning’. Television can influence the child’s development. It can stimulate curiosity, increase knowledge, enlarges vocabulary, it can encourages family discussions and conversation and it entertains. It can broaden the child’s experience, bringing the wider world within their reach, although television can be harmful for children when the television is on continuously, it can make conversation difficult it would also reduce the opportunity for playing, reading and writing. Unsuitable programmes watched can encourage the child to behave in an anti-social way or even frighten the child. Bandura’s theory emphasised on the children learning behaviour of observing and imitating adults/people. Including aggression, sharing, sex roles and altruism, this could be from the television and the environment around them.

Learn the Parts of the Roman Name

Learn the Parts of the Roman Name In todays international world, you may come across: people who have what we would call the last name before the first namepeople known by a singular name (like Madonna or Lady Gaga, since Lady is a title)people who lack a middle name (George Washington)people with extra middle (saints names)people with the requisite number to fill out most contemporary forms in the U.S.: a first, middle, and last name Ancient Roman Names During the Republic, Roman male citizens might be referred to by the tria nomina 3 names. The first of these 3 names was the praenomen, which was followed by the nomen, and then the cognomen. This wasnt a hard and fast rule. There might also be an agnomen. Praenomina were waning by the 2nd century A.D. Although not shown on this page, there were sometimes additional names, especially on inscriptions, often abbreviated, that gave further indications of social groupings like tribes, and, in the case of slaves and freedmen, their social status. Praenomen The praenomen was a first name or personal name. Females, who didnt have praenomina until late, were called by the name of their gens. If further distinction were necessary, one would be called the older (maior) and the other the younger (minor), or by number (tertia, quarta, etc.) The praenomen was usually abbreviated [See Roman Abbreviations on Inscriptions]. Here are some of the common praenomina with their abbreviations: Aulus A.Appius App.Gaius C.Gnaeus Cn.Decimus D.Kaeso K.Lucius L.Marcus M.Numerius Num.Publius P.Quintus Q.Servius Ser.Sextus Sex.Spurius Sp.Titus Ti.Tiberius Ti. Tib. Latin Grammar Romans could have more than one praenomen. Foreigners granted Roman citizenship by imperial decree took the emperors nomen gentile as a praenomen. This made the praenomen less useful as a way to distinguish men, so by the end of the third century, the praenomen had virtually vanished except to confer high social status [Fishwick]. The basic name became the nomen cognomen. Nomen The Roman nomen or nomen gentile (nomen gentilicum) indicated the gens from which a Roman came. The nomen would end in -ius. In the case of adoption into a new gens, the new gens was indicated by the -ianus ending. Cognomen + Agnomen Depending on the time period, the cognomen part of the Roman name could indicate the familia within the gens that the Roman belonged to. The cognomen is a surname. Agnomen also refers to a second cognomen. This is what you see when you see a Roman general awarded the name of a country he conquered like Africanus. By the first century B.C. women and the lower classes began to have cognomina (pl. cognomen). These were not inherited names, but personal ones, which began to take the place of the praenomina. These might come from a part of the womans fathers or mothers name. Sources Names and Identities: Onomastics and Prosopography, by Olli Salomies, Epigraphic Evidence, edited by John Bodel.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, by Adolf Berger; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1953), pp. 333-809.Latin Funerary Epigraphy and Family Life in the Later Roman Empire, by Brent D. Shaw; Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte (1984), pp. 457-497.Hastiferi, by Duncan Fishwick; The Journal of Roman Studies(1967), pp. 142-160.J.P.V.D. Balsdon, ; 1962.

How to Keep Your Dreams and Your Day Job

How to Keep Your Dreams and Your Day Job Kelsey Murphy from the Muse has advice for aspiring globe-trotters and self-re-inventors; she knows from experience the joys and perils of quitting her day job and hopping on a plane to explore a new career while traveling the world. One day,  she realized moving to London on a whim wasn’t necessary- there were plenty of opportunities to explore the greener grass much closer to home.   Embrace the Learning CurveFor every new job or challenge I’ve had, there’s been a moment about a week or a month in where I wanted to quit, where the things that stressed me out far overshadowed the things I enjoyed. I was convinced I wasn’t meant to be an editor, a teaching assistant, a writer, a dog-owner, or even a New Yorker.But in the beginning, nobody’s an expert or a pro, and even if you’re a wunderkind you’ve got plenty to learn on the job. Be willing to screw up, apologize, and learn a new way to do things. The learning curve is even easier to swallow if it’s not a full-time experience- use the security of gainful employment to explore something you’ve always wanted to do on the side in the evenings or on weekends. Don’t let fear of failing keep you from dabbling.  Harness the 15-Minute IntentionIf you’re getting swept up in the demands of the minute-to-minute, take some time  to refocus on the big picture to-dos. What are you prioritizing? What gets knocked off course by errands or someone else’s urgency?Try to set aside 15 minutes a day to check in with something important to you, outside your daily grind. Maybe you add it on in the morning, or partition your lunch hour, or have a few quiet minutes right when you get home. There are plenty of productivity apps that can help you mark off the time.  Find a Mentor (A Small One!)The idea of forging a mentor/mentee relationship from scratch is daunting; I can’t even watch the Karate Kid without my intimacy issues flaring up. But, what Murphy calls a â€Å"mini-mentor† can be someone to help you in a small way, with one specific area of your life.Find one thing you’d like to learn in service of your larger interests, and the right person to ask. It may develop into a larger relationship, or it may conclude with one simple interaction, but either way you’re better off for having sought and accepted help. Plus if you do decide to throw caution to the wind and quit job A in pursuit of passion B, you’ll have at least one potential networking connection!

Collaborative Highly Effective Team Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collaborative Highly Effective Team - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that lack of trust – Trust is very important in any group, since if you don’t trust other members then you can’t work together since you can’t agree with their ideas because you don’t have trust in them in the first place.As the study highlights that the presence of conflicts – Where there is no agreement always leads to arising of conflicts. If they don’t respect each other as a group, then it will never work. Lack of commitment – In such a situation no one wants to be committed since they don’t agree with each other before they can do a thing. Avoidance of accountability – In a team that is ineffective everyone doesn’t want to be responsible for the consequences that arise. They don’t care what comes out of the actions. The leader ought to operate in a way that protects the vision of the team. When a conflict arises a team leader must ensure that everyone is still committ ed to the team vision. A leader must make sure that the conflicts do not interfere with the vision. A leader must make sure that there is a mutual respect between the two parties involved in the conflict after it has been resolved.  Create time for team members to appreciate each other’s skills - The team should have time to get to appreciate the work of every member by doing this it helps boost the team’s confidence.  Managing emotional concerns that can help the progress – When there is a burning issue the member should come out and express it.  

Strategic Managemet of Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Managemet of Human Resources - Essay Example Its mission seeks to propel the organization as the global leader in innovation of the best products and services. In order to realize its full potential, Microsoft employs the best talent and its chairman Bill Gates upholds that talent utilization and innovation are essential if success is to be attained in the globally competitive environment. As such, the corporation adopts flexible and dynamic human resource strategies and policies to ensure it retains its global competitiveness, diversity and inclusion. Microsoft corporation strategic management of human resources Introduction The current business state refers to how the key functions of an organization (Microsoft); including messaging systems are currently attaining or tying to achieve the organization’s business goals. The current business state is the starting point in determining what needs to adjust in order to obtain to the desired business state. In order to propel the business to the desired levels, it is essentia l to understand the business model or models that an enterprise uses. It is also essential to evaluate the current business model and any other model that a corporation plans to implement in the future. Businesses usually look at projects of major impacts like Microsoft’s Exchange Server 2007 infrastructure design project as an opportunity to shift their model or strategy. An enterprise also uses a major project to enhance its position in the industry or change its internal operations. The current state of the Microsoft Corporation in terms of external influences (pestle) Microsoft is making changes to its current business model, embracing radical, inventive and new thinking, assimilating other companies and technologies in its domains. Microsoft is currently pursuing yahoo to enhance its competitive merit in the search business. The corporation has also joined other companies in dominating the market for cloud computing. Cloud computing is a domain that entails a centralized storage and information processing. The shift towards cloud computing could lessen the role of desktop computers and the servers and other equipments run by numerous corporations. The current strategic approach entails diversification through acquisition of complementary businesses that could be future rivals. It also shifts its marketing focus to tangle with Google over the search engine issue. However, Google and yahoo are some of the competitors to the Microsoft’s internet explorer (IE) (Hill & Jones, 2012, p 36). Microsoft is under external influence by the government to do certain activities following a suit by the Europe union. The U.S department of justice ordered that consumers ought to have a choice on what Windows features are obligatory in any fitting of the operating system. Furthermore, Microsoft has to reveal certain facts to third party developers to make software that better fits with Windows. In terms of external business; Microsoft faces a serious threat on its monopolistic practices as other players like the IBM Corporation and the Sun Microsystems seek protection from the European Union. These complementary corporations exert external pressure on Microsoft, which sometimes results in financial costs. For instance, Microsoft was fined $613 million in 2008

Infosys Write Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Infosys Write Up - Essay Example Infosys Technologies has established a smaller firm with the name ICI, which is established in get knowledge about IT consultancy business. The company Infosys Technologies is interested in IT consultancy because it is the current business of the market and the companies are getting good revenues on the basis of the new market trend of information technology consultancy business. The company showed interest in consultancy business because of its interest in extra revenue, expansion and the client’s needs and requirements regarding IT consultancy. The company has many strengths on the basis of which, it is going to appear better than its competitors before its clients. The company also has some weaknesses but the company is interested to control and improve all its weak to progress, expand and get better. The company Infosys Technologies and Infosys Consultancy (ICI) are going to face some challenges in their interface development such as the communication development challenge and management challenge. The establishment of a subsidiary firm is beneficial for the parent company, Infosys Technologies. Infosys is a well established firm that enjoys a reputable position in the market. It is suggested by the administrators of the firm that the firm will be the foremost firm in a couple of years on the basis of its technologies and growth of information technology. Infosys Technologies has a number of competitors in the market such as IBM, EDS, Accenture, Wipro Limited, Tata Consultancy Services and many more (Info Consulting in 2006). With all these firms in market of information technology and business, Infosys faced a full-fledged challenge in the market. The position of the company Infosys Technologies in December 2005 was at 9th number (Info Consulting in 2006). The company Infosys Technologies after being developed into ICI comes up with greater success and ambitions for its clients and employees. Because of its competition with many

Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students

Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students 1 The journal article being critiqued is a study of HIV stigma and a study’s intervention at reducing that stigma among nursing students. First, stigma is introduced, the type of stigma’s seen with HIV, and then how those are interpreted in nursing practice. The purpose of the study was to reduce HIV stigma in nursing students through a dynamic course given at a nursing school. The article will be reviewed, analyzed, and critiqued in its significance as a research source and implementation value. A study was carried out by the University of California in India, at a nursing school in a city where HIV prevalence was high. This study consisted of a curriculum, and 91 nursing students. The class was focused on educating and reducing different stigma-influencing measures of HIV. The sample received a pre and posttest that served as the main set of data for how the class influenced the student’s HIV stigma. Statistics was used to evaluate student response data in its measures of standard deviation and confidence intervals. These measures helped the study in deciding whether student answers were significant, or how effective their class was on reducing HIV stigma. An HIV stigma is something that can alters one’s view of a person with HIV that is based on some cultural or social belief. The study believes that stigma can devalue or interfere with care for a person with HIV. This commonly effects people who are drug users, sex workers, or of the male homosexual population. It not only affects a nurse’s care, but also the patient’s motivation to seek care. The study states, â€Å"HIV stigma is considered to be among the greatest impediments to effectively combating the global HIV epi- demic.† There is instrumental and symbolic stigma, which includes misconceptions about transmission and attitudes or beliefs towards the previously stated populations commonly believed to have HIV. The method of this study was at a nursing school in India, St John’s College of Nursing. Second year, English speaking students were the sample group. They were given information about what the study was going to test and signed informed consent to participate. The control group was 46 people, and the intervention group was 45 people. The course was focused on the two types of stigmas previously mentioned and offered on session on instrumental stigma, which included knowledge, fears, epidemiology, transmission, prevention and proper use of PPE. The second session was on symbolic stigma and had a speaker come and talk about their experience with HIV and HIV stigmas. The control received no intervention. A questionnaire was given before and after the interventions that assessed student’s symbolic and instrumental stigmas. They were asked questions like their gender and age, prior care for a person with HIV, their attitudes, misconceptions, fears, discrimination, and so fo rth. The topics of the questionnaires tested demographics, experience with persons with HIV, knowledge of HIV, endorsement of coercive measures, worry about HIV infections, blame, and intent to discriminate. This is included true or false, with different right and wrong misconceptions or truths about HIV. They were tested on whether they agreed with certain statements like mandatory testing, right to refuse an HIV patient, to marry, have children, etc. One question asked if the student blamed people with HIV for their disease or thought they deserved it. There were multiple-choice questions about medication administration and blood draws and precautions to take that tested the student’s intent to discriminate. Each section had a few questions that was intended to test the students aptitude in that subject area. All participants were female and between 18 and 29 years old. Results were found to be significant. Post-intervention found many changes from the baseline that showed a reduction in stigma based on previous definitions. There was a lower percentage of misconceptions in the intervention group compared to the control group. Participants who had preexisting discrimination among people with HIV lowered with a question regarding medication administration, but did not lower with regard to drawing blood. There were a slightly lower number of people who worried about transmission of HIV but were not statistically significant when compared to the control group. On average about 95% of students believed the session was helpful and would change their care towards a person with HIV. About 40% of students were embarrassed to reveal their opinions about it. The questionnaire taken before the intervention showed that the students had a fairly high HIV stigma. Compared the post questionnaire, control group, and preceding results, a conclusion that the course â€Å"showed promise† in lowering stigma of people with HIV was perceived. The questionnaire showed that students had high levels of â€Å"intent to discriminate while performing nursing duties.† In the study it says this may be because of lack of experience. Also students said that people with HIV were blamed for their disease if it was through drugs or sex and believed mandatory testing of sex workers and male homosexuals was called for. One of the biggest findings of this questionnaire was that there was seen to be a lack of knowledge among nursing students in transmission of HIV, blame of persons with HIV, discrimination in a professional workplace, and calling of coercive measures. This shows high stigma levels, which were akin to high discrimination levels of peopl e with HIV. After the course however, it was shown to be effective in giving students more knowledge base for HIV stigma across many dynamics. The post questionnaire showed fewer misconceptions, less blame, and decreased discrimination. Not all data deemed to be statistically significant, but the data that was significant still deemed the course in reducing HIV held promise. It might be more effective with a larger sample that also included male nurses, varying ages, and varying schools. It is significant that this study used a â€Å"convenience sample† of people that were readily available and in a high prevalence HIV area. Taking the study to various states, cities, and people of different cultural and moral values would make this study more significant in it’s actual effectiveness in reducing HIV stigma. Future continuation of this study should look at various population content and high numbers of people, mainly. All measures used to define stigmas, assess stigma levels, and test prejudice was based on a previously developed theoretical model of HIV that had been formulated in India. The definitions and guidelines of the curriculum seemed to be well defined and showed a good possibility of being standardized for larger sample size testing. They were also easy to understand and interpret. The questionnaire was a successful evaluation too l for this study (with 29 questions) and was well defined in the article. It might also benefit this study to try different methods of evaluation other than only using a questionnaire survey technique. It may even be interesting to compare the nursing students results with already registered nurses, experienced nurses, doctors, UAP’s, and patients/civilians. This study is very important to nursing care today. HIV stigma is prevalent and something that is seen daily. Marginalized groups such as homosexual populations, female sex workers, and drug users should not be stigmatized from the moment they enter a hospital or become a patient, that is something they do experience as not only a marginalized group, but also the select few with HIV. Nurses are the basis of these patients’ care and need to be able to give care without bias or discrimination. This requires evaluating ones own beliefs of this stigma. A course that helps nurses through this process while also giving them a dynamic educational and experiential background of stigma’s, transmission, and persons with HIV would be extremely helpful to that patients care. Anything that can help nurses become better, give more effective care, and be more sensitive to others cultures, beliefs and illness is helpful to the medical field, and more importantly, helpful to the patient s healing and disease process. Personally, I believe that people with HIV are stigmatized well beyond due cause. Yes they have an incurable disease, and it can be transmitted through blood, which we deal with a lot as a nurse. But we still need to be professional and give proper care. A person with HIV is something that has been very popular to stigmatize, especially in our social and cultural society in the United States. Even I realized I hold some of these beliefs as I read this study. It is important as a professional, and as a nurse, to make sure we hold everyone to the same standard of care and give continuity in our nursing process. If this course was available to me it is definitely something I would be interested in taking. It can only help me to become a more effective and sensitive nurse to a patient with HIV and it is something that could easily be added into hospital orientation. It would be great to make it available to all staff and be more knowledgeable and less discriminatory against those with HI V and the marginalized population we target when we have an HIV stigma. This study is really just the tip of the iceberg on the subject of reducing HIV stigma, but I feel it’s the step in the right direction and could be vital in finding a way to resolve prejudices against HIV. Citation List 1. Shah, S., Srinivasan, K., Perumpil, S., Ekstrand, M. (2014). Reducing HIV Stigma Among Nursing Students: A Brief Intervention. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36(10), 1323-1337. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Sagepub.

Analysis of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

  In the novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, shows how different aspects of themes are presented for a reader’s consideration. Some of the important themes in Wuthering Heights are, revenge, spiritual feelings between main characters, obsession, selfishness, and responsibility.   Bronte mainly focuses on the spiritual feelings of her characters. The difference between the feeling that Catherine has for Heathcliff and the one she feels for Edgar is that Heathcliff is part of her nature, he is like her soul mate. While on the other hand Edgar is only part of her superficial love, and because she is attracted to Edgar and his love for her. It is the spiritual love rather than a physical love that brings Heathcliff and Catherine together.   Revenge is the most dominant theme in the book, although at the end Heathcliff abandons his plan for revenge. For Heathcliff revenge started when Hindley used to abuse him when they were younger. He started to hate him and wanted to seek revenge. After he came back from his journey he made Hindley’s life a living hell. Heathcliff got all of the property from gambling with Hindley. Heathcliff also wanted revenge on Edgar who married the woman Heathcliff loved. In the last chapter Heathcliff first believes that if he can avenge the death of Catherine that he will somehow grow closer to her. Though the exact opposite happens. When Heathcliff gives up his plan for revenge, he is then reunited with Catherine in external bliss.   Obsession played a big role on Heathcliff’s love for Catherine. After Catherine came back from the Lintons and Edgar used to pay her visits, Heathcliff would mark off the days that he came over to spend time with Catherine and the days that he did not come over, which would be the days she would spend time with Heathcliff. Also when Catherine moved to Thrushcross Grange, after she married Edgar Linton, Heathcliff would stand outside her window to watch her. Heathcliff was obsessed with the love he had for Catherine. He loved Catherine more than his own life. The two have a powerful emotional bond together, something Heathcliff never experienced with anyone else, being that no one else ever loved him, so he became obsessed with the one person he related to emotionally.   Selfishness was in everyone’s character in some way or other. It was first showed by Mr.Earnshaw   when he brought home Heathcliff and presented him to the family.

Developmental psychology Essay

Up until a week ago I thought that the states ideas of â€Å"kindergarten readiness† were just political lip service, but last week my opinion changed. I was in the car listening to an interview on NPR (sadly I do not remember the woman’s name) about a new program called Washington Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills, or WaKIDS. This year is the pilot season for this program. The interview was also on the up and coming mandate the child care workers, and preschool teacher have a Bachelor’s degree. This mandate will go into effect in 2013 in Washington State. The mission statement for WaKIDS is â€Å"The Washington Kindergarten Inventory of Developing Skills (WaKIDS) is a kindergarten process that: * Welcomes families into the Washington K-12 system as partners in their child’s education. * Gives kindergarten teachers information about the development of children in their classroom to help them teach every child—data about social/emotional, cognitive, language/literacy and physical development. * Align practices of early learning professionals and kindergarten teachers to support smooth transitions for children. * Offers a statewide snapshot of where children in Washington are in their development at the start of kindergarten, to help inform state-level decisions about policy and investments This program is designed to provide a smooth transition from pre-school to kindergarten and maintain positive development in each child. WaKIDS focuses on four main areas in child development they are physical, social/emotional, cognitive and language. The program aims to maintain a collaberation between child care provides, preschool, early education and policy makers in an effort to provide the best arena for children to develop. These collaborations are in person meetings when a child is transitioning from one â€Å"grade† to another. For example, preschool teachers will meet with kindergarten teacher and discuss each child progress or â€Å"standing† and needs. This aids the next teacher in keeping a positive flow to a child’s education, and it allows for the child to be more personally invested in their own success if they know that they teachers is also invested on a personal level. In the NPR interview the woman who was speaking; she owns a daycare facility,  said that she only hires people who have at least a Bachelor’s degree. This is also going to be state mandated by 2013 that every kindergarten teacher have at least a BA, and that there is a 1 to 2 or 1 to 3 ratio of BA holding workers in day cares. The interviewee talked about how she would prefer to hire only those who have college degrees, because they are â€Å"professionally† trained in child development area. I think this is an admirable desire, but it does narrow the employee field because not everyone who is committed to making children’s live better can afford to go to college. This provides material for a great debate, but for me, what it really does is take away from the development of children. Children thrive because they can use their ability to assimilate their surroundings, and the experiences there in. If only people who have college degrees are working with kids imagine how that lessens a child’s experience of life’s diversity. In conclusion, I fully support the desires by the Superintendent’s office to enrich the education standards of this state and heighten the educational level of our children; I am very leery about all the politics that accompany a program such as WaKIDS. I do believe that it is a step in the right direction, and if we as people who work toward the betterment of children will take the risk; we ought to look even further toward education. For example: the Friends school, or Montessori school, or even parochial school. Look at what works. Look into why they provide better education than public schools. And with the guide and more programs like WaKIDS I believe that we will achieve the goal of educating well and enriching our children.

“Digging” Analysis Essay

In many families, fathers take pride in receiving remarks regarding their sons such as â€Å"He’s a chip off the ol’ block† or â€Å"like father like son,† often exalting the sons who have followed in their fathers’ vocational footsteps. In â€Å"Digging,† by Seamus Heaney, the speaker describes the quintessential potato farming tradition that his father and grandfather partake in, while the speaker himself observes through a window barrier. Seamus Heaney, through his use of imagery, repetition, and extended metaphors, reveals his feelings in straying away from Irish tradition to follow his own path in writing. In his poem, Heaney utilizes imagery to further emphasize the speaker’s action in choosing a different job than potato farming. The speaker begins at a windowsill, with a â€Å"squat pen† resting â€Å"as snug as a gun† in his hand. Heaney’s description connotes a sense of defense, almost as if the narrator sees himself as an old wilderness-survival junkie, sitting on the porch with a gun to defend his property from government officials, but in â€Å"Digging,† the speaker defends his choice in jobs. Later on in the poem, the speaker describes the actions of a potato harvester, who must endure the â€Å"cold smell of potato mold [and] the squelch and slap of soggy peat.† Heaney’s images of mold and soggy mud convey the speaker’s true feeling and apprehension toward the sickening, gross environment in which his father and grandfather work. In the same way, Heaney’s repetition further alludes to the speaker’s need and desire to write. In the first and last stanzas of the poem, the speaker repeats the same sentence: â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb / The squat pen rests.† As a starting point in the poem, the speaker directly jumps to his comfort zone—describing his love for putting pen to paper, yet as an ending note, the narrator reemphasizes his possession of not only the pen, but of his life choices. Also, Heaney often uses the word â€Å"digging† as a separate prepositional phrase during a sentence, reiterating the word to simply give the reader a sense of the mundane life his father is living. There are no adverbs surrounding the word; simply put, the speaker evokes a sense of nothingness that is associated with â€Å"digging† a hole in the ground, only to fill said hole with a potato and cover it back up—a menial task for which he has no inclination. Again, Heaney repeats some phrases in order to accentuate his aversion to the job of potato harvesting. Lastly, Heaney implements extended metaphors throughout his poem to subtly convey his feelings towards his father’s tradition. As stated earlier, the repetition of â€Å"digging† also connotes a deeper meaning—the speaker, while also observing his father literally dig through the mud and peat, figuratively digs through his memories of his family, recalling the days when he would help his grandfather out in â€Å"Toner’s bog.† In the second to last verse, the speaker alludes to revisiting the past by stating the â€Å"living roots awaken in my head.† The roots, although they can refer to the physical roots in the ground, symbolize the narrator’s family roots in potato farming, a culture that is associated with digging into the ground to find food and money in the form of potatoes. In the end, the speaker ends the metaphor of digging, noting he will â€Å"dig,† but not with the spade, but with his pen. Seamus Heaney’s poem â€Å"Digging† tells a tale of a man musing about his decision to leave behind family convention. Heaney employs a series of images that convey the speaker’s feelings, repetition to show the narrator’s dislike of potato harvesting, and metaphors to provide an underlying message about tradition. In the end, the speaker is left commenting on the spade, his father and grandfather’s tool of choice, while he himself chooses the pen.