Is The Marxist Distinction Between Scientific and Utopian Socialism Justified - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2294 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? To what extent, if any, is the Marxist distinction between scientific and utopian socialism justified? This essay will return to the writings of Marx to assess to what extent he drew a distinction between â€Å"scientific† and â€Å"utopian† socialism. The essay will construct a reading of Marx that suggests he did not draw a distinction between scientific socialism and utopian socialism. Marx and Engels adopted a scientific methodology and thus, they did not believe that a socialist/communist society is utopian. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is The Marxist Distinction Between Scientific and Utopian Socialism Justified" essay for you Create order However, the scientific method objected to elements of utopian socialism, which assumed â€Å"socialism is the expression of absolute truth, reason and justice, and has only to be discovered to conquer all the world by virtue of its own power. And as an absolute truth is independent of time, space, and of the historical development of man† (Engels, on-line). In contrast, Marxists base their socialism on a dialectical process, where a socialist/communist society is the natural culmination of the historical process. The dialectical process, Engels argues, is scientific: â€Å"Nature is the proof of dialectics, and it must be said for modern science that it has furnished this proof with very rich materials increasingly daily† (Engels, on-line). Thus, Marxists view history as a universal, teleological and pre-destined process, where history is the process by which â€Å"the spectre of communism† is made actual. To understand Marx’s theory of history, and why he did not see a socialist/communist future as utopian but the culmination of a scientific process, it is important to elucidate Marx’s philosophy of science. The most important aspect of Marx’s philosophy of science for the purpose of this essay is to realise that â€Å"Marx thought that the human sciences and the natural sciences are governed by essentially the same methods† (Miller, 2000, p. 532). This means that the human sciences are predictable, measurable and observable in the same way as the natural sciences. However, in contrast, to traditional empiricists, Marx did not base prediction on clearly observable phenomenon; instead, he sought prediction by locating underlying causal structures (Miller, 2000, p. 532). This understanding of the human sciences and natural sciences led Marx to produce a theory of historical determinism, based on a dialectical historical materialism that constructed a communist society as both a scientific and utopi an future. Marx’s theory of history is derived from Hegel since he employs Hegel’s notion of history as a dialectical process. Goodwin argues that â€Å"Marx used the dialectical less technically and less insistently than Hegel, but [the dialectical] forms the basis of his conception of capitalism as ‘contradictory’ and ridden with class conflict† (Goodwin, 1997, p. 68). Therefore, the Hegelian influence on Marx cannot be overstated. However, as Hampsher-Monk notes there were two Hegelian outlooks at the time Marx was writing. One was conservative and attempted to show that the social/political status quo was rational and the historical process had been achieved; or, as Marx put it, it attempted to â€Å"turn philosophy inward† (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 484). The second Hegelian outlook aimed to â€Å"turn philosophy outward† – that is to make what is currently an imperfect and irrational social reality conform to ration ality (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 484). Employing a dialectical understanding of history, Marx argued that capitalism possessed contradictions, and history was a process that would turn this irrational society into a rational society. Marx argued that a communist society would resolve contradiction and thus the dialectical produces a pre-determined historical future in a communist society. Thus far, this essay has set out the dialectical process of history upon which Marx’s philosophy rests. It will now, explore the historical materialism that Marx argues drives the dialectical process. By marrying together a theory of historical materialism and dialectical determinism, it is possible to see how Marx understands how history would unfold, scientifically, into a communist society. Marx takes a scientific study of history and society, but rather than basing his conclusions on empirical and measurable findings, he premises his theory of history on causal structures. For Marx, â€Å"every form of society has been based†¦ on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 93). This theory of history links up to the Hegelian idea of a dialectical process that resolves contradiction by making the rational actual. First, though, this essay will sketch out Marx’s analysis of history up to the point he was writing, and how historical materialism had proceeded through various stages in world history. Marx constructs a history that is a narrative based on a structure, rather than a series of random events. For Marx, class is the structure upon which the narrative of history rests, â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 79). Marx argues that in previous stages of history, class was a complicated arrangement, but as the feudal system gave way to the capitalist system, the antagonism of the class system simplified. The cap italist system, for Marx, had led to society â€Å"splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 80). The Communist Manifesto, as Hampsher-Monk illustrates, is an â€Å"account of economic-historical development† (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 515) which argues that revolutionary politics is necessary to complete the process.. According to Goodwin, Marx saw economic and technical innovation as the originator of all historical change, with the most recent example being the replacing of a feudal society with a capitalist society (Goodwin, 1997, p. 76). Marx’s theory is undoubtedly economic, with Hampsher-Monk arguing that Marx drew an analogy between economics and religion, where money was seen as a ‘jealous god’ (Hampsher-Monk, 1992, p. 496). This prioritising of money and economics explains why it is economic relations that are the base structu re in Marx’s philosophy. Thus, when economic relations change, it â€Å"entails a transformation of the socio-political superstructure† (Goodwin, 1997, p. 76). In essence, historical materialism is the idea that economics constitutes the base structure of society, and a transformation in the economic structure is a part of the dialectical process of history, where contradictions in economic and social relations clash, and a new society emerges. For the purposes of this paper, the most important point to draw out is that both historical materialism and the historical determinism of the dialectical process of history constitute a scientific theory in Marx’s philosophy. Marx argues that a socialist-communist society is not utopian, but part of the revolutionary process of the dialectical. It is now necessary to outline the â€Å"scientific† process by which capitalist society would collapse under its own contradictions, and be replaced by a socialis t-communist society. For Marx, the dialectical process behind history saw the bourgeois/capitalist system as the â€Å"last major stage before a fundamentally new political and economic order† (Held, 1996, p. 126). Marx’s scientific theory of history saw the capitalist order as, ultimately, succumbing to the socialist-communist order. Marx details how this would come about, and to understand this it is necessary to once again return to the idea of the dialectical process and contradictions. Held summarises Marx’s theory of the inevitability of revolutionary politics, by arguing that for Marx, capitalism was not a harmonious social order and the foundations of capitalism are undermined from within (Held, 1996, pp. 126-129). Thus, Marx argues that capitalism is undermined because of its contradictions, and the dialectical process requires the overthrow of the capitalist system. Marx’s theory of contradiction within capitalism is based on his asse rtion of historical materialism, and his notion of exploitation. Marx argues that history has always been a struggle between oppressed and oppressor; thus, if it possible to observe exploitation, an oppressor and an oppressed class within capitalism, then it follows that history has not resolved the dialectical process. Marx argues that capitalism does possess such a contradiction, since â€Å"property†¦ is based on the antagonism of capital and wage labour† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 97). Marx is, essentially, taking an objective, scientific look at the social-economic structure, arguing that it has not resolved class antagonism and therefore, the dialectical process is incomplete. Thus, for Marx, a socialist-communist revolution is not utopian, but a scientific ‘working-out’ of contradiction. To conclude Marx’s theory of history, it is necessary to now look at how he saw revolutionary politics overturning the capitalist order, and how he th ought a socialist-communist economic and social order would resolve the contradictions inherent in the capitalist order in order to produce a rational solution to the dialectical process. For Marx, revolution was inevitable, because revolution was the result of an antagonistic polarisation between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The worsening conditions of the proletariat would automatically propel them into a revolutionary mind-set and into war with the bourgeoisie/capitalist class. This would lead to the proletariat revolution, which would wrestle power from one class to another. However, this final stage would require two phases. Firstly, revolution would lead to the â€Å"Dictatorship of the Proletariat†, and then the second phase would lead to â€Å"Proper Communism†. Taylor picks up on the homogenising and authoritarian streak in Marx’s communist vision. He wryly observes that Marx is claiming that he and The Communists were the ones who underst ood what was happening in the world, and when The Communists say they have no interests apart from those of the proletariat, they are assuming that â€Å"the proletariat would agree to have only the interests which Marx said it ought to have† (Taylor, 1985, p. 31). Marx concludes that the antagonism within the capitalist order is the result of the bourgeoisie’s exploitation of the capital of the proletariat; and, thus, the key to â€Å"The Communist programme was the abolition of private property† (Taylor, 1985, p. 31). This is critical to understanding that, for Marx, a socialist-communist society is not so much a Utopia, as a ‘working–out’ of the dialectical process. Marx’s scientific method to history rests on the notion that private property constitutes a contradiction within the capitalist order, and that the dialectical process will result in revolution to overthrow the capitalist order; therefore, a communist society is a scientific resolution necessity, rather than being a utopian ideal. Goodwin argues that Marx was â€Å"reluctant to offer any detailed picture of the communist utopia† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). However, Marx had identified the contradiction within capitalism that would lead to its overthrow, namely the antagonism between capitalists and workers and the exploitation that lay at the heart of this. Therefore, the implication of Marx’s thought is that a socialist-communist utopia would find a means to eradicate class exploitation. As Goodwin says, Marx may not have laid down a â€Å"blueprint†, but â€Å"the formal characteristics of communist society are made clear in his works, as are the particular principles on which it would operate† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). As indicated earlier, Marx argued that all history was the history of class struggles; therefore, a socialist-communist society would be classless. By eliminating the antagonisms of class, the c ontradictions of capitalism would be resolved, and the dialectical process of history would be rationally worked through. The elimination of class rests on the elimination of the capitalist means of production. Thus, â€Å"communism connotes the abolition of private property† (Goodwin, 1997, p.81). The â€Å"utopia† of communism-socialism is a classless society that has abolished private property. However, because of the historical materialism and dialectical process that underpins Marx’s theory, the communist â€Å"utopia† is also a scientific resolution to the contradictions within capitalism. It is the contradictions Engels within capitalism that will lead the dialectical process of history to produce a revolution that will usher in communism. Taylor puts this succinctly â€Å"dialectical materialism would compel men to live in Utopia whatever the promptings of their heart† (Taylor, 1985, p. 10). Despite arguing that Marx saw a social ist-communist society as the inevitable result of a scientific process, it should not be underestimated how revolutionary his vision was. Marx was a revolutionary thinker, and he was calling for an overturning of the capitalist system. This was not utopian, as it was not the dreams of a â€Å"good place†, a utopia. Instead, Marx saw a socialist-communist society, based on the abolition of private property, as the rational solution to the dialectical process of history. His work is polemical, and he does not conceal the radical and revolutionary aspects of his political thought. He argues that The Communists â€Å"openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible and overthrow of all existing social conditions† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 120). He goes on to say that â€Å"the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution† (Marx and Engels, 1985, p. 120). Given that Marx is unequivocally envisaging the ordering of an entirely different e conomic, social and political structure, his vision has a utopian element. However, Marx, himself, denied that his vision was utopian. Instead, he saw a communist society, as the scientifically determined and rational culmination of the dialectical. Engels argued that utopian socialists did not look to history and science: â€Å"not one of them appears as a representative of the interests of that proletariat which historical development had, in the meantime, produced† (Engels, on-line). However, the drawing of this distinction has limited value, since the scientific method is designed to construct a dialectical logic that argues that the socialist-communist â€Å"utopia† is something that must be realized. Bibliography Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Retrieved March 6, 2015, from https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm Goodwin, Barbara (1997) Using Political Ideas (4th edition), John Wiley Sons, Chichester pp. 65 – 97. Hampsher-Monk, (1992). â€Å"Karl Marx† in A history of modern political thought: Major political thinkers from Hobbes to Marx, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford pp. 483 563. Held, David (1996) Models of Democracy (2nd edition), Polity Press, Cambridge pp. 121 – 154. Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich (1985) The Communist Manifesto, Penguin Classics, London. Miller, Richard W. (2000) â€Å"Marxist Philosophy of Science† in Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, London p. 532. Taylor, A. J. P. (1985) â€Å"Introduction† in The Communist Manifesto, Penguin Classics, London pp. 7 – 47.

Analysis Of The Movie The Crucible - 1015 Words

Two months later, congratulatory applause deafened the newly christened law offices of Rearin McKinley Attorneys-at-Law. Finally, a junior partner had made it to managing partner; Conor McKinley now occupied Mr Hardwood’s former office. Conor smiled as he thought to himself, I can’t believe I’ve made this far. Standing next to Conor s side was a beaming Bailiff Bob. Both wore matching wedding bands. Nothing would stop this power couple, now. Among those in attendance were former Judge Ricardo Sandoval, who had been nominated for State Supreme Court Judgeship, and Min-jun Kim, now groomed from his original gangster-like appearance to be a doting boyfriend. After two months, they still couldn’t keep their hands off each other, even in public. Stuart Rutherford with Oliver Winston mingled about the conference room turned buffet table with drinks in hand and bouts of laughter. And, after all this time, Conor still had a gut feeling about that Oliver Winston. Even, the Prosecutor from the murder trial stopped by to give his accolades. Walter Rearin nodded in apprehension, although he smirked on the inside. The trial’s victory made this law practice a fortune with the assistance of the media coverage. â€Å"I’ve see you made Conor McKinley a managing partner. He did an outstanding job in the courtroom, and I’m sure we’ll hear more from him in years to come,† said the humble Prosecutor. Walter Rearin spoke, â€Å"That’s kind of you. And exactly why I promoted him. He earned it.†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Crucible Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesOn September 15, 2016 at Murfreesboro Little Theatre I saw The Crucible. I have had a lot of experience with this particular play. I have seen the movie along with reading and acting out the play. I had high expatiations when going to see The Crucible live. 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The Impact of Government Support For Small and Medium Enterprises

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Government Support For Small and Medium Enterprises. Answer: Introduction Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are among the biggest contributors of global economy making it among the most successful particularly in developing countries (Schaper Blackburn, 2012). As such, the sector has been beneficial to the economy by creation of jobs and provision of social and political stability (Henschel, 2008). For instance, SMEs is now a sector that cannot be ignored in the UK despite the country being one of the developed countries (Mullerat, 2010). Small and medium enterprises have received accolades for promoting economic growth as they contribute in economic growth of a country (Henschel, 2008). Additionally, the sector contributes to reduction of unemployment increase in GDP hence creating many job opportunities. This is the major reason that governments around the world offer support to SMEs. Granted, SMEs contribute immensely to developing the economy and achieves different objectives of the government such as raising standard of living of the SME operators as well as its employees and the community at large (Ibid). It has become imperative for the state to give required assistance if form of tax cuts for instance so as to aid in contributing to economic growth (Mullerat, 2010). The government also assists my providing financial support through offering grants using various government agencies themselves Mumford et al. (2010) notes that among the main challenges faced by SMEs is inadequate financial resources to sustain themselves for a long time. Additionally, some SMEs do not have qualified work force to run their businesses profitably therefore prompting the government to intercede by provision of capital (Henschel, 2008). The governments may also give assistance by training staff of effective business management and offer protection from cheap imports by imposing heavy taxes on such imports (Mullerat, 2010). As a result, of the current high rate of globalization, SMEs are constantly faced with major challenges because of vigorous competition from other countries such as China (Mullerat, 2010). Therefore, it has become standard practice for state agencies to give the required assistance through offering a conducive environment to grow (Mullerat, 2010). This problem has necessitated the need for the current study to investigate the impact that government support has on the small and medium enterprises. Aim of the Study The aim of this study will be to investigate the impact of government support on small and medium enterprises by addressing the challenges that face the enterprises. Research Questions The questions that the researcher will seek to answer will be; How does the government influence or support the challenges faced by SMEs? What is the impact if any of government support in the growth of SMEs? What are the challenges and barriers that SMEs encounter and what is the government doing to address them? Research Hypotheses The researcher shall formulate the following research hypotheses based on the research questions; H0 : There is no association between government support and challenges faced by SMEs H0 : There is no association between government support and growth of SMEs H0 : Government support has no effect on the challenges faced by SMEs. Related Literature According to Collings (2010), previous research has identified the main impediments contributing to the success of SMEs to include state of the economy, cash flow and availability of capital. This therefore offers the government an opportunity to instill strict measures to enhance better business environment for SMEs to operate so that they can also contribute towards economic growth (Ibid). Mullerat (2010) asserts that it is prudent to note that access towards finance is vital for the SMEs since it allows them to not only expand but to also thrive and create opportunities for jobs thus significantly contributing to the recovery of the economy (Schaper Blackburn, 2012). Research Design and Methodology This study will employ the case study method because the study is based on one organization. This kind of study design enables an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data to be carried out by explaining the present conditions. Sampling Design and Procedures Stratified random sampling method will be used for the study. This sampling method will be used because data needs to be collected from various departments and not just one department of the case study firm. This will be done in order to get different opinions from participants of all the departments. Simple random sampling will then be used to select participants from each department. The researcher will utilize a seventy-five percent criteria selection for the whole population. . This formula below will be employed to determine the sample size per strata; a/bc=z where; a is the number of employees in a department b is the total target population c is the sample size z is the number of respondents obtained from each department Data Collection Tools and Methods The researcher will utilize questionnaires that will have both closed and open-ended questions. Krishnaswamy, Appa and Mathirajan (2006), opine that a questionnaire is beneficial to the researcher as it lets him gather large amount of data given a short duration of time. In addition, analyzing data from a questionnaire may be used to make a comparison with previous research and may be used quantify change. The questionnaire will have two sections; demographic information that will provide information necessary to understand the respondents. The other section will included questions meant to study the research objectives in an effort to answer the research questions of the study.. Validity of Research Instruments To ensure data quality, the data collection tools will be pre-tested to ensure reliability. Ten percent of the sample size from a different firm will be used in order to identify necessary changes and thereafter make revisions. Data Analysis and Presentation Data collected will be edited, coded, cleaned, categorized, and tabulated as appropriate. Data will be analyzed and presented using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Information generated will be presented in tables, charts, and graphs. To test the hypotheses, a five-point likert scale will be utilized. Descriptive statistics will be used to test for normality of the data collected. Levels of dispersion and measures of central tendency like mean, median and standard deviation will be computed to see if it concurs with the research objectives. Inferential statistics will be used to draw implications from the data for instance; the objectives will be achieved by calculating the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of the variables. This will establish whether the findings indicate a strong or weak, positive or negative correlation. Any value that is greater than 0.75, regardless of the sign, will indicate a strong correlation while any value that is less than 0.75 will indicate a weak correlation. Hypothesis testing will also be done to test for the significance of the relationship between the various independent variables and the dependent variable in line with the hypotheses at 5% level of significance. The significance level also known as the alpha level denoted by () is the prospect of making the wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.The alpha level of .05 is used to balance between making a type I error and a type II error. A type I error is supporting the alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true whereas a type II error is not supporting the alternative hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is in fact true. Variables Dependent Variable Impact of government support on SMEs Independent Variables Government influence or support Effect of government policies towards SMEs Challenges and barriers affecting SMEs Expected Outcome The current study will provide informed knowledge in the following areas; provide information on SMEs situation to other interested parties particularly large firms; provide a reference material by other researchers on SMEs impact in the Australian economy and: provide relevant information on the challenges faced by SMEs in Australia by making recommendations on ways of improving the sector. In addition, other researchers will benefit from the outcome of the current study by making comparison with other studies and identify gaps to be filled in the study. References and Bibliography Collings, S 2011, Interpretation and Application of International Standards on Auditing, New York, John Wiley Sons. Henschel, T 2008, Risk Management Practices of SMEs...New York, Erich Co. Mullerat, R 2010, International Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Corporations in the Economic Order of the 21st Century, New York, Kluwer Law International. Mumford, A, et al 2010, Gower Handbook of Leadership and Management Development, New York, Gower Publishing Ltd. Schaper, M Blackburn, R. 2012, Government, SMEs and Entrepreneurship Development: Policy, Practice and Challenges, New York, Gower Publishing.

What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client Example For Students

What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client? What’s the relationship between the medical history and current concerns for the client? Shannon’s history of being a DM1 since she was three years old directly relates to her current medical condition. Illnesses interfere with the management of diabetes because blood glucose levels are not regulated when intake of food and fluids is altered as well as the administration of insulin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2014). In addition, being ill usually causes stress on the body which increases the blood glucose levels (Robbins et al., 2010). Lastly, diabetes affects the immune system by disturbing humoral immunity, damaging neutrophil function, and depressing the antioxidant system. As a result the individual will be more susceptible to illness or have a reduced ability to fight microbes. Certain organisms thrive in hyperglycemic environments which make it harder for a diabetic clients immune system to control (Casqueiro, Casqueiro, Alves, 2012). Since Shannon has not been eating and not taking insulin she has not been managing her diabetes during the ir illness appropriately. This means her body has not been able to process glucose for energy and has been forced to metabolize fat instead leading to the development of DKA (Robbins et al., 2010). What else would you like to know about Shannon’s recent history and events leading to her hospitalization. We will write a custom essay on What s Relationship Between The Medical History And Current Concerns For The Client? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Shannon received her last flu shot is her current condition a result of a reaction to the immunization or does she have a different strain of influenza. Diabetes management her diet, activity level, and average blood glucose levels. When/what was her last meal was and when/how much was her last dose of insulin. Are there any other symptoms other than loss of appetite, vomiting, and fatigue. What information is missing from the initial assessment and state the significance of performing this assessment Pain assessment assess for abdominal pain which is common in DKA patients due to the acidic environment and decreased perfusion to the gastrointestinal tract (Robbins et al., 2010). Abdominal assessment assess functioning and affect of the metabolic acidosis on the gastrointestinal tract, look for presence of bowel sounds, and ask when their last bowel movement was and if they are currently passing gas (Robbins et al., 2010). Smell breath a fruity or acetone breath is a hallmark sign of DKA (Pollock Funk, 2013). Neurovital signs for a baseline get an idea of level of consciousness upon admission and pupil assessment to assess for any other potential issues/complications that need to be addressed (Wolfsdorf et al., 2014). Baseline CBS level look for a directive or call the doctor to get an order for CBS along with sliding scale to treat abnormal results. Relate the assessment findings to the pathophysiology of DKA. Shannon is displaying Kussmaul’s respirations because she is breathing rapid at 28 breaths per minute and they are deep. This is the respiratory system’s way of compensating for metabolic acidosis (Bopp, 2010; Marieb, Hoehn, 2010). Shannon is displaying signs of dehydration through the presence of hypotension (BP of 82//50), tachycardia (heart rate of 144), and has poor skin turgor with dry mucus membranes. Dehydration occurs due to fluid loss and osmotic diuresis (Fowler, 2009). Provide rationale for the physicians orders and therefore, subsequent collaborative care. The following are the rationals for the physician’s orders: Neurovital signs are to assess the clients level of consciousness to quickly determine whether their overall status is improving or deteriorating. Cardiac monitoring is a way for continuous assessment for hyper or hypokalemia through evaluating the T waves (Wolfsdorf et al., 2014). Lab work is done to assess imbalances, create and adjust treatment as needed, as well as, provide information about the clients response to treatment (Robbins et al., 2010). .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .postImageUrl , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:visited , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:active { border:0!important; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:active , .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89db83007d174a73036e09d69b573a7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: what was the most significant event in German historyNPO so serum blood sugar levels are not increased and for accurate measurement of client fluid and caloric intake (Pollock Funk, 2013). NPO status also maintains the airway by preventing choking/aspiration if they were to loose consciousness with something in their mouth (Robbins et al., 2010). Bed rest is for harm reduction. DKA patients are typically lethargic and if they are up and walking they can easily become fatigued and fall (Robbins et al., 2010). Patients can become hypokalemic which can cause dangerous cardiac rhythms (Bopp, 2010). IV regular insulin is given to restore glucose metabolism. IV is the best route to fix moderate to severe DKA and regular insulin is the only insulin that can be given through an IV at a rate of 0.1units/kg/hr (Pollock Funk, 2013). CBS hourly is required to continually assess the clients blood glucose levels, response to treatment, as well as, provide a reference for titrating the insulin infusion rates, if needed (Pollock Funk, 2013). IV Normal Saline (NS) is used initially to restore the clients fluid volume in their intravascular, interstitial, and intercellular spaces. It is also used to restore renal perfusion (Pollock Funk, 2013). Foley catheter assists in documenting the clients hourly output and assists in maintaining the bed rest order. An accurate hourly intake along with the hourly output helps determine kidney function, as well as, hydration status (Pollock Funk, 2013). The doctor has ordered a oxygen via non-rebreather. Oxygen is essential in maintaining adequate oxygenation within the bodies cell (Robbins et al., 2010). The following is the subsequent collaborative care Shannon should receive: Ongoing monitoring of vital signs and mental status, cardiac rhythms, respiratory status for fluid overload, serum glucose, pH, intake and output, and serum potassium. This is done to measure the clients response to treatment and to evaluate their overall status and prevent hypoglycemia (Pollock Funk, 2013; Robbins et al., 2010). Potassium is heavily monitored and a switch from NS to NS with potassium chloride may be needed to maintain potassium levels and prevent hypokalemia (Pollock Funk, 2013).